¹Institute of Endemic Diseases, Khartoum, Sudan, ²Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

¹Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK, ²London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

¹Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

¹Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK, ²East Midlands Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Nottingham, UK, ³East of England Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Cambridge, UK, ⁴London Quality Assurance Reference Centre, London, UK, ⁵Northern Ireland Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Belfast, UK, ⁶North East, Yorkshire and the Humber Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, ⁷North West Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Oldham, UK, ⁸South Central Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Oxford, UK, ⁹South East Coast Quality Assurance Reference Centre, East Sussex, UK, ¹⁰South West Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Bristol, UK, ¹¹Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK, ¹²West Midlands Quality Assurance Reference Centre, Birmingham, UK, ¹³University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, ¹⁴NHS Cancer Screening Programmes, Sheffield, UK

¹Imperial College London, London, UK, ²HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy, ³Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

¹Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, ²Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford, Oxford, UK

¹University of Westminster, London, UK, ²Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, ³University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, ⁴University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, ⁵Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK, ⁶University College London, London, UK

¹University College London, London, UK, ²Bowel Cancer Screening Programme, Southern Hub, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Surrey, UK, ³University of Surrey, Surrey, UK

¹Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK, ²Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK, ³Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

¹Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, ²Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

¹University of Hull, Hull, UK, ²Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK

¹Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, Section of Pre-Cancer Genomics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, ²Department of Histopathology, St. James’s University Hospital and Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, UK, ³Department of Oncology, Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, University of Torino, Turin, Italy

¹University of Westminster, London, UK, ²University College London, London, UK

¹Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, ²Paediatric Epidemiology Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, ³Childhood Cancer Research Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, ⁴School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, ⁵Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK, ⁶Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Edinburgh, UK, (NICR) Northern Institute for Cancer Research

¹Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, ²ICBP Module 4 Working Group, Canada, Australia, UK, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, UK

¹Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK, ²Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, ³Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK, ⁴Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK

¹Imperial College London, London, UK, ²Section of Medicine, Institute for Cancer Research, Sutton, UK, ³Section of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research, Sutton, UK

¹Uro-Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK, ²Biomarker Initiative, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK, ³Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK, ⁴Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁵Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁶The Orchid Tissue Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK, ⁷Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Medical School, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK, ⁸Department of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK, ⁹Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA, ¹⁰Institute of Cancer, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK, ¹¹Centre for Molecular Medicine, Oslo, Norway

¹The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK

¹Airedale NHS Foundation Trust, Keighley, UK

¹Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

¹Centre Anti-Cancer, Blida, Algeria

¹The University of Manchester and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK, ²PET Imaging Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK, ³Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK, ⁴University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, ⁵Norfolk and Norwich University NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK, ⁶Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK, ⁷Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK, ⁸Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK, ⁹Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK, ¹⁰Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK, ¹¹University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, ¹²Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK, ¹³St George's, University of London, London, UK

¹South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt

¹Department of Oncology, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK, ²Department of Upper GI Surgery, Churchill Hospital, OUH NHS Trust, Oxford, UK, ³Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK, ⁴Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre/Department of Cellular Pathology OUH NHS Trust, Oxford, UK, ⁵Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

¹Centre Anti-Cancer, Blida, Algeria